| 1947–1953 |
Alignment with the West, global recognition |
Joined UN, Kashmir issue raised internationally |
USA, UK, Iran, Muslim countries |
| 1954–1961 |
Strategic alliances for security & aid |
Joined SEATO & CENTO, received US aid |
USA, Turkey, Iran, Western bloc |
| 1962–1969 |
Balancing between West and China |
Improved China ties, Indo-Pak War (1965) |
China, USA, Muslim world |
| 1970–1977 |
Non-alignment & Islamic bloc focus |
Simla Agreement, Islamic Summit 1974 |
China, Muslim countries, USSR (limited) |
| 1978–1988 |
Pro-West stance during Afghan War |
Alliance in Soviet-Afghan conflict |
USA, China, Gulf countries |
| 1989–1999 |
Post-Cold War realism & nuclear focus |
Nuclear tests (1998), Kargil conflict |
China, Saudi Arabia, USA (cautious) |
| 2000–2008 |
War on Terror alignment with USA |
Support for US post-9/11, military aid resumed |
USA, NATO, China, Gulf states |
| 2009–2013 |
Regional cooperation & internal security |
India composite dialogue, Afghan efforts |
China, Turkey, GCC, Iran (balanced) |
| 2014–2018 |
Economic diplomacy & CPEC |
CPEC launched, diplomatic friction with US/India |
China, Russia, Central Asia |
| 2019–2021 |
Geoeconomics & neutrality approach |
Neutral in Middle East conflicts, IMF focus |
China, Turkey, Gulf States, Russia |
| 2022–Present |
Economic survival & multilateral balancing |
FATF exit, IMF negotiations, regional realignment |
China, USA (selective), Gulf, Russia |
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